Por qué esta ley francesa contra la pobreza energética resulta tan polémica

Desde 2025, está prohibido alquilar viviendas con un aislamiento deficiente en Francia. Sin embargo, mientras que algunos lo consideran una medida urgente para combatir la pobreza energética y proteger a los inquilinos, otros temen que la prohibición solo agrave la escasez de viviendas. ChatEurope ha analizado la cuestión en profundidad, sopesando los argumentos sanitarios, económicos y medioambientales.

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Condensation on windows, heat loss through roofs or windows, brown stains on walls or ceilings… According to Eurostat, nearly one in ten Europeans – about 40 million people – are unable to keep their home adequately warm. One of the main culprits: poor insulation.

The issue is particularly stark in France, which registered the highest rise in energy poverty among the EU-27 over the past three years. The country counts about 4 million so-called “energy sieves”, i.e. homes that are so poorly insulated that they literally leach heat (and with it, money and carbon emissions) to the outside.

Carrot and stick policy 

So the French government decided to act – starting with renters. In 2021, it passed a law to progressively ban renting very poorly insulated homes, unless required renovation is undertaken. The first stage of this measure, which concerns about half a million homes in the lowest energy efficiency category G, came into effect at the start of last year.

“The ban was absolutely necessary. For years, we’ve tried pushing landlords to do retrofitting through financial incentives alone, and it has utterly failed,” said Maïder Olivier from housing NGO Fondation pour le Logement. “In fact, landlords ultimately have very little reason to carry out costly renovation works because they won’t see any benefits on their own energy bills, comfort or health”, she added.

Studies have shown that living in cold and damp homes considerably raises the risk of heart conditions or lung diseases like asthma, without even mentioning the mental health impact.

Fuelling the housing crisis?

Intended to fight energy poverty and boost sustainable renovation works, the measure has also faced a lot of criticism. Many opponents notably fear that the ban will worsen housing shortages by removing millions of homes from the rental market.

“There’s a risk of simply replacing tenants living in poorly insulated homes with owners living in poorly insulated homes”, said David Rodrigues, a legal expert from the consumer association CLCV.

Still, according to Rodrigues and several other sources ChatEurope consulted, there hasn’t been any empirical study on the ban’s impact on housing availability so far. Instead, most critics base their arguments on simple opinion polls.

For instance, according to real estate site Pap, merely half of landlords were planning to retrofit their property in January 2025, while 17% were considering selling and the remaining third to simply do nothing. 

But experts say this doesn’t replace a real impact study, and easily leads to instrumentality. Moreover, energy sieves haven’t all vanished from the market overnight: the ban only concerns new or reconducted contracts concluded since 2025. 

Hazy arguments, valid concerns

Still, that doesn’t mean all concerns are unfounded. Our housing experts notably highlighted the complexity of obtaining financial aids for renovation works as well as the legal limbo and cuts these are currently undergoing.

The French government’s flagship program MaPrimeRénov has for instance been temporarily suspended at the start of 2026 for lack of a voted budget. With it, beneficiaries can for instance claim up to 5,000 euro for installing a heat pump, and much more for more extensive renovations.

That’s despite the ban’s planned extension to another 700,000 homes which fall under the category F rating in 2028.

But the authorities might have found a trick to upgrade some homes without having to do any renovations, explained legal expert David Rodrigues. 

A reform in the calculation method for energy efficiency ratings, which came into effect on January 1st, has seen about 850,000 homes automatically transferred to a higher category (e.g. from G to F).

“For renters, there’s no benefits in terms of thermal comfort for example. It’s literally just a paper trick,” said Rodrigues. “However, it can have real negative consequences in terms of their rights”

The 2021 law for example also prohibits raising rents for energy sieves in the categories F or G. But this freeze will no longer apply for renters whose home was artificially upgraded from F to E.

“As so often, renters are the collateral victims of this change”, said Rodrigues.

This article is part of a collaborative series on the housing crisis in Europe, which ChatEurope dug into as the European Commission presented its very first “Affordable Housing Plan” in December last year.