"We call for the European Union to take on a more strategic and proactive role in the European Arctic," the countries' leaders wrote in a joint statement following a European-Arctic Summit in the town of Rovaniemi in Finnish Lapland, attended by Denmark, France, Germany, Greece and Sweden, among others.

Trump's repeated threats to bring Greenland -- a vast, autonomous Danish territory -- under US control have triggered a diplomatic crisis among Washington's allies. 

While his tone has cooled since the beginning of the year, EU countries are determined to increase their presence in the region, well aware of a hostile neighbour on the other side of Finland's long eastern border.

Pointing to "the significant and long-term threat Russia poses", countries said Moscow's ambitions to increase its influence in the Arctic and its "hostility towards Europe, including the increase in hybrid activities, highlight the need to strengthen the EU's Arctic policy".

Officials present included Germany's Chancellor Friedrich Merz, Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen, EU foreign policy chief Kaja Kallas and EU Council President Antonio Costa, as well as leaders from countries such as Romania and Greece.

"What happens here is not a regional story. It is a European one," Costa said.

Environmental concerns

Normal decisions were to be taken at the summit.

But it comes as the European Commission is expected to present a new Arctic strategy in a matter of weeks, which will steer the union's approach to the Arctic over the coming years.    

Countries and leaders can still have a say on the final document, "so in that sense this is quite a timely meeting," Tuomas Tikkanen, senior adviser on European Affairs to Finnish Prime Minister Petteri Orpo, who initiated the summit, told AFP.

"The idea is essentially to strengthen the EU's common strategic approach to the Arctic in this situation, where the geopolitical and economic significance of the region is growing considerably," he said. 

Interest in the region has increased significantly since the EU's last Arctic policy was adopted in 2021, reflected in the number of high-level guests from non-Arctic countries in attendance.

"The security environment has changed a great deal, and there has been a lot of interest in the region recently," Tikkanen said. 

Leaders discussed topics ranging from economic interests to security.

The Arctic region is warming nearly four times faster than the global average as a result of climate change, according to experts, leading to severe consequences for both the environment and local livelihoods.

As sea ice melts, countries such as Russia, China and the United States have been ramping up activity in the region, racing to claim natural resources and new maritime routes. 

China and South Korea sent container ships to attempt to transit the Northern Sea Route in Russian waters in August, testing its viability as the passage remains free of ice longer each year.

Trump insisted earlier this year that Washington needed to control Greenland for national security reasons, though he ultimately ruled out annexing it by force.

Soon after, in an apparent move to assuage Trump, NATO launched a new mission to bolster security in the Arctic.

During a visit to the vast island on September 7, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen announced a 200-million-euro ($232-million) package for Greenland, vowing to "be more present and to be more engaged in Greenland and in the Arctic".

Icebreaker

The European Union needs icebreakers to bolster its presence in the Arctic, EU foreign policy chief Kaja Kallas said Monday, as global warming makes the region more attractive to global superpowers.

The EU's top diplomat made the remarks at a press conference at an EU–Arctic summit in Rovaniemi in northern Finland.

Given "the situation that we are in, and considering also climate change and the opening of maritime routes, we need icebreakers or ships that are able to navigate in these very difficult" conditions, Kallas said when asked about dedicating EU funds to purchase Finnish-made icebreakers.

It was not immediately clear whether Kallas was proposing a joint acquisition programme or urging member states to bolster their own capacities.

She also cautioned the statement by adding that while Finland had "the capability of building these icebreakers" there were "procurement rules," meaning "whoever makes a better offer gets the deal."

EU chief Ursula von der Leyen has suggested the EU could direct part of its ongoing surge in defence spending towards a "European icebreaker capability," which is traditionally considered a civilian capability, among other equipment vital to Arctic security.

The idea was promoted by  Finnish Prime Minister Petteri Orpo.

"This ice-breaking capacity is one of the capabilities we really need," Orpo said alongside Kallas.

German Chancellor Friedrich Merz also said he supported the initiative.

"We know that we definitely need icebreakers, and this is not just an issue for Finland, for Norway, for Sweden. This is something for the entire European Union, for the entire European continent," Merz said.

The Arctic region is warming nearly four times faster than the global average as a result of climate change, according to experts, leading to severe consequences for both the environment and local livelihoods.

As sea ice melts, countries such as Russia, China and the United States have been ramping up activity in the region, racing to claim natural resources and new maritime routes. 

In October, the United States announced plans to procure 11 icebreakers from Finland, for the US Coast Guard, which currently only has three ageing vessels of this type.

Sixty percent of the world's icebreakers are Finnish-made and 80 percent are designed by Finnish companies, according to Arctia, the state-owned firm which manages Finland's icebreaker fleet.