Austria

Austria's conservative People's Party (OeVP) leader Christian Stocker became Austria's chancellor in March 2025, weeks after the far right party FPOe, who won elections in September 2024, failed to form a government. 

Alexander Van der Bellen is Austria's Federal President since 2017. He was re-elected for a second term in 2022. 

Belgium

Leader of the conservative New Flemish Alliance (N-VA), Bart De Wever is Belgium's Prime Minister since February 3, 2025. He is the first nationalist from Dutch-speaking Flanders to lead the federal government in Belgium. Bart De Wever has promised to be stricter on asylum policy and security and to "reward hard work" by limiting unemployment benefits. 

Bulgaria

Rossen Jeliazkov is Bulgaria's Prime minister since January 2025. He heads a conservative-led coalition government formed by conservative GERB party, the Socialists and a right-wing party.

Bulgaria's President is pro-Russian Rumen Radev since 2017. Bulgaria, which joined the European Union in 2007, is the poorest nation in the bloc. 

Croatia

Conservative Andrej Plenkovic is the Prime Minister of Croatia since 2016. He survived a no-confidence vote in December 2024 that was called by the opposition following a high-profile graft investigation. Croatia has long struggled to contain rampant government corruption, with more than a dozen ministers from Plenkovic's centre-right HDZ party stepping down since 2016.The fight against corruption was a key criteria for Croatia's entry into the European Union in 2013, but graft still remains endemic.

Croatia's president is the populist Zoran Milanovic since 2020. He has been re-elected in January 2025 with more than 74 percent of the vote, defeating his conservative rival. He is a key figure in the country's political scene for nearly two decades; he has increasingly employed offensive, populist rhetoric during frequent attacks aimed at EU and local officials.

Republic of Cyprus

Nikos Christodoulides is the president of the republic of Cyprus since February 28, 2023. This former foreign minister is the eighth president of the republic of Cyprus. He pledged to tackle illegal migration, combat corruption and break "the deadlock" that has left the eastern Mediterranean island divided for decades. Christodoulides beat communist-backed career diplomat Andreas Mavroyiannis in a run-off vote on February 12, 2023. It was the first time a president had been elected without the support of the two largest parties, DISY and the communist AKEL, which means he has minority support in parliament. 

Czech Republic

Right-winger Petr Fiala is the Czech Republic's new prime minister since November 2021. Fiala teamed his Civic Democratic Party with two smaller parties to form the Together alliance, which came first in October 2021 general election. The grouping narrowly beat the ANO movement of outgoing populist billionaire Prime Minister Andrej Babis.

Petr Pavel is the Czech Republic's president since March 2023. This former NATO general with a pro-Western drive stressed the importance of unity in supporting war-torn Ukraine. 

Denmark

Denmark's Social Democrat leader Mette Frederiksen is Danish Prime minister since June 2019 when she became the youngest Prime Minister in the country's history. She succeeded in defeating incumbent Liberal Prime Minister Lars Lokke Rasmussen, who held the post between 2009 and 2011, and again since 2015 with the support of the Danish People's Party (DPP). 

Estonia

Kristen Michal is the Prime Minister of Estonia since July 23, 2024 and heads a centre-right coalition. He replaced Kaja Kallas, who became head of European Union foreign policy. Alar Karis is the president of Estonia since August 2021.

Finland

Conservative Petteri Orpo is Finland Prime minister since June 2023. He heads a coalition including the far-right Finns Party which came second in the 2023 legislative elections.

The president of Finland is Alexander Stubb. He was elected on Friday March 1, 2024.

France

Emmanuel Macron is the president of France since 2017. He was re-elected on April 2022 for a second five-year term, against far-right rival Marine Le Pen. 

The French Prime minister is Sébastien Lecornu. Former defence minister, he has been named at this post on the 9th of September 2025 after François Bayrou has been ousted by the parliament. 

Germany

Conservative Friedrich Merz became Germany's new Chancellor on May 6, 2025 by forceps, having to go through two rounds of voting to get elected by MPs, a sign of the difficulties that await him in power. Merz has vowed to reboot Germany's ailing economy, strengthen the threadbare armed forces and curb irregular immigration, signalling a rightward shift in the way the country is governed

Greece

Conservative leader Kyriakos Mitsotakis is Greece's Prime minister. He has secured a second term in June 2023 after a first term between July 2019 and May 2023. Crediting Mitsotakis and his New Democracy party for bringing economic stability to the former EU debt laggard, voters gave the conservatives their widest winning margin in almost 50 years in June 2023.

Hungary

Nationalist Viktor Orban is Hungary's Prime minister since 2010. A patriot to his supporters but an autocrat to his critics, Hungary's all-powerful premier won a fourth straight term in office after the victory of its Fidesz party during the April 2022 elections. Under Viktor Orban, Budapest has regularly found itself at loggerheads with the European Commission and most of its 26 fellow EU countries, becoming something of a black sheep.

Hungary's president is Tamas Sulyok since February 2024. The parliament elected this political novice as president following the resignation of his predecessor, Orban ally Katalin Novak, who caused outrage by pardoning a man convicted in a child abuse case. The affair has turned into the biggest political crisis that nationalist Prime Minister Viktor Orban has faced since his return to power in 2010.

Ireland

Micheal Martin was appointed Ireland's prime minister on January 2025. The Fianna Fail party leader previously served as prime minister between 2020 and 2022.

Catherine Connolly is the President of Ireland since November 2025.

Italy

Georgia Meloni is the head of government (President of the Council of Ministers) of Italy since October 22, 2022. She is the first woman to hold this position in the country. Giorgia Meloni's far-right Brothers of Italy party achieved a historic victory in parliamentary elections in 2022. She has since led the government in coalition with another far-right party, Matteo Salvini's anti-immigrant League, and the conservative Forza Italia, founded by former premier Silvio Berlusconi.

Sergio Mattarella is the President of the Italian Republic since February 3, 2015. He was re-elected for a second seven-year term in 2022. He holds the record for longevity as President of the Italian Republic.
 

Latvia

Evika Silina is Latvia's Prime minister since September 2023, after the surprise resignation of her predecessor Krisjanis Karins. Her coalition is helmed by her centrist New Unity party.

Edgars Rinkevics was elected as Latvia's president on May 2023. This long-serving foreign minister is the first openly gay head of state of any EU country.

Lithuania

Leftist Gintautas Paluckas is Lithuania's prime minister since November 2024.

The center-right, pro-European economist Gitanas Nauseda is Lithuania's president since May 2019. 

Luxembourg

The leader of Luxembourg's Christian Social People's Party (conservative) Luc Frieden is Luxembourg's prime minister since November 2023.

Malta

Robert Abela, leader of the tiny Mediterranean island nation's Labour party, is Malta's Prime Minister since January 2020. 

Netherlands

Former Dutch intelligence chief Dick Schoof was sworn in as Prime Minister of the Netherlands on Tuesday 2 July 2024, at the head of a right-wing coalition government tasked with implementing the country's "strictest ever" immigration policy. But far-right Dutch leader Geert Wilders withdrew his Freedom Party from his government on the 3th of June 2025 in a row over immigration, bringing down a shaky coalition with fresh elections now slated for October 29, 2025.

Poland

Donald Tusk, a former President of the European Council, is Poland's Prime minister since December 2023. He came to power as head of a coalition between his centrist Civic Platform, Poland 2050, the Polish People's Party (PSL) and New Left on promises to undo controversial decisions taken by the conservatives on media, abortion and the court system and to restore Poland's credibility in the European Union.

But Nationalist Karol Nawrocki's victory in Poland's presidential election on June 1, 2025 deals a major blow to pro-EU premier Donald Tusk. Nawrocki's win will block the government's progressive agenda for abortion and LGBTQ rights and could revive tensions with Brussels over rule of law issues.

Portugal

Centre-right leader Luis Montenegro is Portugal's Prime minister. After coming to power following a March 2024 election, Luis Montenegro became embroiled in a possible case of conflict of interest that tarnished his image. He resigned in March 2025, just a year into office but won May 2025 general elections and was renamed Portugal's prime minister.

Conservative Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa is Portugal's president since 2016.

Romania

Pro-European centrist Nicusor Dan is Romania's president since May 2025. He won a tense election rerun, seen as key for the direction of the NATO and European Union country bordering war-torn Ukraine, against EU critic and nationalist George Simion. This election came five months after Romania's constitutional court scrapped a presidential ballot over allegations of Russian interference and the massive social media promotion of the far-right frontrunner Calin Georgescu, who was not allowed to stand again. 

Nicusor Dan named Ilie Bolojan, leader of the liberal party (PNL), as prime minister in june 2025.

Slovakia

Robert Fico is Slovakia's Prime minister. One of the Kremlin's few allies in Europe, Fico is the leader of the populist Smer-SD party that wants to stop military aid to Ukraine and is critical of the EU and NATO. Fico returned to power in October 2023 after being Prime minister between 2006 and 2010 and between 2012 and 2018. He has been gravely wounded in an assassination attempt in May 2024.

Peter Pellegrini, a former Prime minister, is Slovakia's president since June 2024. He is an ally of Prime Minister Robert Fico.

Slovenia

Liberal Robert Golob is Slovenia's Prime minister. He was sworn in on the 25th of May 2022.

Natasa Pirc Musar has been elected Slovenia's president in November 2022. She is the country's first woman president.

Spain

Socialist Pedro Sánchez is the head of the Spanish government since June 2018. He was reappointed on November 2023 after a previous five-year term. He took over as premier in 2018 after an ambitious gamble that saw him topple conservative Popular Party (PP) leader Mariano Rajoy in a no-confidence vote.

Sweden

Conservative Ulf Kristersson is Sweden's Prime minister since October 2022. His coalition government is backed in parliament by far-right party Sweden Democrats.