Rolled out in stages since 2023, the mammoth Digital Services Act forces online firms to aggressively police content in the 27 countries of the European Union -- or face major fines.

Aimed at protecting consumers from disinformation and hate speech as well as counterfeit or dangerous goods, it obliges platforms to swiftly remove illegal content or make it inaccessible.

Companies must inform authorities when they suspect a criminal offence that threatens people's lives or safety.

And the law instructs platforms to suspend users who frequently share illegal content such as hate speech -- a provision framed as "censorship" by detractors across the Atlantic.

Tougher rules apply to a designated list of "very large" platforms that include US giants Apple, Amazon, Facebook, Google, Instagram, Microsoft and Snapchat.

These giants must assess dangers linked to their services regarding illegal content and privacy, set up internal risk mitigation systems, and give regulators access to their data to verify compliance.

Violators can face fines or up to six percent of global turnover, and for repeated non-compliance, the EU has the power to ban offending platforms from Europe.

Limit market dominance

Since March 2024, the world's biggest digital companies have faced strict EU rules intended to limit abuses linked to market dominance, favour the emergence of start-ups in Europe and improve options for consumers.

Brussels has so far named seven so-called gatekeepers covered by the Digital Markets Act: Google's Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, TikTok parent ByteDance, Facebook and Instagram parent Meta, Microsoft and travel giant Booking.

In a bid to limit the ability of online giants to snuff out potential rivals, the rules require all buyouts to be notified to the European Commission, the EU's competition regulator.

Gatekeepers can be fined for locking in customers to use pre-installed services, such as a web browser, mapping or weather information.

The DMA has forced Google to overhaul its search display to avoid favouring its own services -- such as Google flights or shopping.

It requires that users be able to choose what app stores to use -- without going via the dominant two players, Apple's App Store and Google Play.

And it has forced Apple to allow developers to offer alternative payment options directly to consumers -- outside of the App Store.

The DMA has also imposed interoperability between messaging apps WhatsApp and Messenger and competitors who request it.

And it imposes new obligations on the world's biggest online advertisers -- namely Google's search engine and Meta's Facebook and Instagram -- by forcing them to reveal much more to advertisers and publishers on how their ads work.

Failure to comply with the DMA can carry fines in the billions of dollars, reaching 20 percent of global turnover for repeat offenders.

"Sovereign right"

President Donald Trump on Monday threatened further tariffs and export restrictions against countries that he says are targeting US tech firms. His comments appear targeted at the European Union who has already slapped heavy fines on US behemoths including Meta and Apple under these new rules.

"Digital Taxes, Digital Services Legislation, and Digital Markets Regulations are all designed to harm, or discriminate against, American Technology," Trump wrote on his Truth Social platform.

Rejecting these claims, the European Commission Tuesday asserted the "sovereign right" to regulate the activities of tech giants within the bloc.